ChristianLempa_Boilerplates/cli/core/variables.py

from __future__ import annotations

from collections import OrderedDict
from dataclasses import dataclass, field
from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Set, Union
from urllib.parse import urlparse
import logging
import re

logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

TRUE_VALUES = {"true", "1", "yes", "on"}
FALSE_VALUES = {"false", "0", "no", "off"}
HOSTNAME_REGEX = re.compile(r"^(?=.{1,253}$)(?!-)[A-Za-z0-9_-]{1,63}(?<!-)(\.(?!-)[A-Za-z0-9_-]{1,63}(?<!-))*$")
EMAIL_REGEX = re.compile(r"^[^@\s]+@[^@\s]+\.[^@\s]+$")


class Variable:
  """Represents a single templating variable with lightweight validation."""

  def __init__(self, data: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
    """Initialize Variable from a dictionary containing variable specification.
    
    Args:
        data: Dictionary containing variable specification with required 'name' key
              and optional keys: description, type, options, prompt, value, default, section, origin
              
    Raises:
        ValueError: If data is not a dict, missing 'name' key, or has invalid default value
    """
    # Validate input
    if not isinstance(data, dict):
      raise ValueError("Variable data must be a dictionary")
    
    if "name" not in data:
      raise ValueError("Variable data must contain 'name' key")
    
    # Track which fields were explicitly provided in source data
    self._explicit_fields: Set[str] = set(data.keys())
    
    # Initialize fields
    self.name: str = data["name"]
    self.description: Optional[str] = data.get("description") or data.get("display", "")
    self.type: str = data.get("type", "str")
    self.options: Optional[List[Any]] = data.get("options", [])
    self.prompt: Optional[str] = data.get("prompt")
    self.value: Any = data.get("value") if data.get("value") is not None else data.get("default")
    self.section: Optional[str] = data.get("section")
    self.origin: Optional[str] = data.get("origin")
    self.sensitive: bool = data.get("sensitive", False)
    # Optional extra explanation used by interactive prompts
    self.extra: Optional[str] = data.get("extra")
    # Flag indicating this variable should be auto-generated when empty
    self.autogenerated: bool = data.get("autogenerated", False)
    # Original value before config override (used for display)
    self.original_value: Optional[Any] = data.get("original_value")

    # Validate and convert the default/initial value if present
    if self.value is not None:
      try:
        self.value = self.convert(self.value)
      except ValueError as exc:
        raise ValueError(f"Invalid default for variable '{self.name}': {exc}")

  def _validate_not_empty(self, value: Any, converted_value: Any) -> None:
    """Validate that a value is not empty for non-boolean types."""
    if self.type not in ["bool"] and (converted_value is None or converted_value == ""):
      raise ValueError("value cannot be empty")

  def _validate_enum_option(self, value: str) -> None:
    """Validate that a value is in the allowed enum options."""
    if self.options and value not in self.options:
      raise ValueError(f"value must be one of: {', '.join(self.options)}")

  def _validate_regex_pattern(self, value: str, pattern: re.Pattern, error_msg: str) -> None:
    """Validate that a value matches a regex pattern."""
    if not pattern.fullmatch(value):
      raise ValueError(error_msg)

  def _validate_url_structure(self, parsed_url) -> None:
    """Validate that a parsed URL has required components."""
    if not (parsed_url.scheme and parsed_url.netloc):
      raise ValueError("value must be a valid URL (include scheme and host)")

  def convert(self, value: Any) -> Any:
    """Validate and convert a raw value based on the variable type."""
    if value is None:
      return None

    # Treat empty strings as None to avoid storing "" for missing values.
    if isinstance(value, str) and value.strip() == "":
      return None

    # Type conversion mapping for cleaner code
    converters = {
      "bool": self._convert_bool,
      "int": self._convert_int, 
      "float": self._convert_float,
      "enum": self._convert_enum,
      "hostname": self._convert_hostname,
      "url": self._convert_url,
      "email": self._convert_email,
    }
    
    converter = converters.get(self.type)
    if converter:
      return converter(value)
    
    # Default to string conversion
    return str(value)

  def _convert_bool(self, value: Any) -> bool:
    """Convert value to boolean."""
    if isinstance(value, bool):
      return value
    if isinstance(value, str):
      lowered = value.strip().lower()
      if lowered in TRUE_VALUES:
        return True
      if lowered in FALSE_VALUES:
        return False
    raise ValueError("value must be a boolean (true/false)")

  def _convert_int(self, value: Any) -> Optional[int]:
    """Convert value to integer."""
    if isinstance(value, int):
      return value
    if isinstance(value, str) and value.strip() == "":
      return None
    try:
      return int(value)
    except (TypeError, ValueError) as exc:
      raise ValueError("value must be an integer") from exc

  def _convert_float(self, value: Any) -> Optional[float]:
    """Convert value to float."""
    if isinstance(value, float):
      return value
    if isinstance(value, str) and value.strip() == "":
      return None
    try:
      return float(value)
    except (TypeError, ValueError) as exc:
      raise ValueError("value must be a float") from exc

  def _convert_enum(self, value: Any) -> Optional[str]:
    """Convert value to enum option."""
    if value == "":
      return None
    val = str(value)
    self._validate_enum_option(val)
    return val

  def _convert_hostname(self, value: Any) -> str:
    """Convert and validate hostname."""
    val = str(value).strip()
    if not val:
      return None
    if val.lower() != "localhost":
      self._validate_regex_pattern(val, HOSTNAME_REGEX, "value must be a valid hostname")
    return val

  def _convert_url(self, value: Any) -> str:
    """Convert and validate URL."""
    val = str(value).strip()
    if not val:
      return None
    parsed = urlparse(val)
    self._validate_url_structure(parsed)
    return val

  def _convert_email(self, value: Any) -> str:
    """Convert and validate email."""
    val = str(value).strip()
    if not val:
      return None
    self._validate_regex_pattern(val, EMAIL_REGEX, "value must be a valid email address")
    return val

  def get_typed_value(self) -> Any:
    """Return the stored value converted to the appropriate Python type."""
    return self.convert(self.value)
  
  def to_dict(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
    """Serialize Variable to a dictionary for storage.
    
    Returns:
        Dictionary representation of the variable with only relevant fields.
    """
    var_dict = {}
    
    if self.type:
      var_dict["type"] = self.type
    
    if self.value is not None:
      var_dict["default"] = self.value
    
    if self.description:
      var_dict["description"] = self.description
    
    if self.prompt:
      var_dict["prompt"] = self.prompt
    
    if self.sensitive:
      var_dict["sensitive"] = self.sensitive
    
    if self.extra:
      var_dict["extra"] = self.extra
    
    if self.autogenerated:
      var_dict["autogenerated"] = self.autogenerated
    
    if self.options:
      var_dict["options"] = self.options
    
    if self.origin:
      var_dict["origin"] = self.origin
    
    return var_dict
  
  def get_display_value(self, mask_sensitive: bool = True, max_length: int = 30, show_none: bool = True) -> str:
    """Get formatted display value with optional masking and truncation.
    
    Args:
        mask_sensitive: If True, mask sensitive values with asterisks
        max_length: Maximum length before truncation (0 = no limit)
        show_none: If True, display "(none)" for None values instead of empty string
        
    Returns:
        Formatted string representation of the value
    """
    if self.value is None or self.value == "":
      return "[dim](none)[/dim]" if show_none else ""
    
    # Mask sensitive values
    if self.sensitive and mask_sensitive:
      return "********"
    
    # Convert to string
    display = str(self.value)
    
    # Truncate if needed
    if max_length > 0 and len(display) > max_length:
      return display[:max_length - 3] + "..."
    
    return display
  
  def get_normalized_default(self) -> Any:
    """Get normalized default value suitable for prompts and display.
    
    Handles type conversion and provides sensible defaults for different types.
    Especially useful for enum, bool, and int types in interactive prompts.
    
    Returns:
        Normalized default value appropriate for the variable type
    """
    try:
      typed = self.get_typed_value()
    except Exception:
      typed = self.value
    
    # Enum: ensure default is valid option
    if self.type == "enum":
      if not self.options:
        return typed
      # If typed is invalid or missing, use first option
      if typed is None or str(typed) not in self.options:
        return self.options[0]
      return str(typed)
    
    # Boolean: return as bool type
    if self.type == "bool":
      if isinstance(typed, bool):
        return typed
      return None if typed is None else bool(typed)
    
    # Integer: return as int type
    if self.type == "int":
      try:
        return int(typed) if typed is not None and typed != "" else None
      except Exception:
        return None
    
    # Default: return string or None
    return None if typed is None else str(typed)
  
  def get_prompt_text(self) -> str:
    """Get formatted prompt text for interactive input.
    
    Returns:
        Prompt text with optional type hints and descriptions
    """
    prompt_text = self.prompt or self.description or self.name
    
    # Add type hint for semantic types if there's a default
    if self.value is not None and self.type in ["hostname", "email", "url"]:
      prompt_text += f" ({self.type})"
    
    return prompt_text
  
  def get_validation_hint(self) -> Optional[str]:
    """Get validation hint for prompts (e.g., enum options).
    
    Returns:
        Formatted hint string or None if no hint needed
    """
    hints = []
    
    # Add enum options
    if self.type == "enum" and self.options:
      hints.append(f"Options: {', '.join(self.options)}")
    
    # Add extra help text
    if self.extra:
      hints.append(self.extra)
    
    return " — ".join(hints) if hints else None
  
  def is_required(self) -> bool:
    """Check if this variable requires a value (cannot be empty/None).
    
    A variable is considered required if:
    - It doesn't have a default value (value is None)
    - It's not marked as autogenerated (which can be empty and generated later)
    - It's not a boolean type (booleans default to False if not set)
    
    Returns:
        True if the variable must have a non-empty value, False otherwise
    """
    # Autogenerated variables can be empty (will be generated later)
    if self.autogenerated:
      return False
    
    # Boolean variables always have a value (True or False)
    if self.type == "bool":
      return False
    
    # Variables with a default value are not required
    if self.value is not None:
      return False
    
    # No default value and not autogenerated = required
    return True
  
  def clone(self, update: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None) -> 'Variable':
    """Create a deep copy of the variable with optional field updates.
    
    This is more efficient than converting to dict and back when copying variables.
    
    Args:
        update: Optional dictionary of field updates to apply to the clone
        
    Returns:
        New Variable instance with copied data
        
    Example:
        var2 = var1.clone(update={'origin': 'template'})
    """
    data = {
      'name': self.name,
      'type': self.type,
      'value': self.value,
      'description': self.description,
      'prompt': self.prompt,
      'options': self.options.copy() if self.options else None,
      'section': self.section,
      'origin': self.origin,
      'sensitive': self.sensitive,
      'extra': self.extra,
      'autogenerated': self.autogenerated,
      'original_value': self.original_value,
    }
    
    # Apply updates if provided
    if update:
      data.update(update)
    
    # Create new variable
    cloned = Variable(data)
    
    # Preserve explicit fields from original, and add any update keys
    cloned._explicit_fields = self._explicit_fields.copy()
    if update:
      cloned._explicit_fields.update(update.keys())
    
    return cloned
  
class VariableSection:
  """Groups variables together with shared metadata for presentation."""

  def __init__(self, data: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
    """Initialize VariableSection from a dictionary.
    
    Args:
        data: Dictionary containing section specification with required 'key' and 'title' keys
    """
    if not isinstance(data, dict):
      raise ValueError("VariableSection data must be a dictionary")
    
    if "key" not in data:
      raise ValueError("VariableSection data must contain 'key'")
    
    if "title" not in data:
      raise ValueError("VariableSection data must contain 'title'")
    
    self.key: str = data["key"]
    self.title: str = data["title"]
    self.variables: OrderedDict[str, Variable] = OrderedDict()
    self.description: Optional[str] = data.get("description")
    self.toggle: Optional[str] = data.get("toggle")
    # Default "general" section to required=True, all others to required=False
    self.required: bool = data.get("required", data["key"] == "general")
    # Section dependencies - can be string or list of strings
    needs_value = data.get("needs")
    if needs_value:
      if isinstance(needs_value, str):
        self.needs: List[str] = [needs_value]
      elif isinstance(needs_value, list):
        self.needs: List[str] = needs_value
      else:
        raise ValueError(f"Section '{self.key}' has invalid 'needs' value: must be string or list")
    else:
      self.needs: List[str] = []

  def variable_names(self) -> list[str]:
    return list(self.variables.keys())
  
  def to_dict(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
    """Serialize VariableSection to a dictionary for storage.
    
    Returns:
        Dictionary representation of the section with all metadata and variables.
    """
    section_dict = {}
    
    if self.title:
      section_dict["title"] = self.title
    
    if self.description:
      section_dict["description"] = self.description
    
    if self.toggle:
      section_dict["toggle"] = self.toggle
    
    # Always store required flag
    section_dict["required"] = self.required
    
    # Store dependencies if any
    if self.needs:
      section_dict["needs"] = self.needs if len(self.needs) > 1 else self.needs[0]
    
    # Serialize all variables using their own to_dict method
    section_dict["vars"] = {}
    for var_name, variable in self.variables.items():
      section_dict["vars"][var_name] = variable.to_dict()
    
    return section_dict
  
  def is_enabled(self) -> bool:
    """Check if section is currently enabled based on toggle variable.
    
    Returns:
        True if section is enabled (no toggle or toggle is True), False otherwise
    """
    if not self.toggle:
      return True
    
    toggle_var = self.variables.get(self.toggle)
    if not toggle_var:
      return True
    
    try:
      return bool(toggle_var.get_typed_value())
    except Exception:
      return False
  
  def get_toggle_value(self) -> Optional[bool]:
    """Get the current value of the toggle variable.
    
    Returns:
        Boolean value of toggle variable, or None if no toggle exists
    """
    if not self.toggle:
      return None
    
    toggle_var = self.variables.get(self.toggle)
    if not toggle_var:
      return None
    
    try:
      return bool(toggle_var.get_typed_value())
    except Exception:
      return None
  
  def clone(self, origin_update: Optional[str] = None) -> 'VariableSection':
    """Create a deep copy of the section with all variables.
    
    This is more efficient than converting to dict and back when copying sections.
    
    Args:
        origin_update: Optional origin string to apply to all cloned variables
        
    Returns:
        New VariableSection instance with deep-copied variables
        
    Example:
        section2 = section1.clone(origin_update='template')
    """
    # Create new section with same metadata
    cloned = VariableSection({
      'key': self.key,
      'title': self.title,
      'description': self.description,
      'toggle': self.toggle,
      'required': self.required,
      'needs': self.needs.copy() if self.needs else None,
    })
    
    # Deep copy all variables
    for var_name, variable in self.variables.items():
      if origin_update:
        cloned.variables[var_name] = variable.clone(update={'origin': origin_update})
      else:
        cloned.variables[var_name] = variable.clone()
    
    return cloned

class VariableCollection:
  """Manages variables grouped by sections and builds Jinja context."""

  def __init__(self, spec: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
    """Initialize VariableCollection from a specification dictionary.
    
    Args:
        spec: Dictionary containing the complete variable specification structure
              Expected format (as used in compose.py):
              {
                "section_key": {
                  "title": "Section Title",
                  "prompt": "Optional prompt text",
                  "toggle": "optional_toggle_var_name", 
                  "description": "Optional description",
                  "vars": {
                    "var_name": {
                      "description": "Variable description",
                      "type": "str",
                      "default": "default_value",
                      ...
                    }
                  }
                }
              }
    """
    if not isinstance(spec, dict):
      raise ValueError("Spec must be a dictionary")
    
    self._sections: Dict[str, VariableSection] = {}
    # NOTE: The _variable_map provides a flat, O(1) lookup for any variable by its name,
    # avoiding the need to iterate through sections. It stores references to the same
    # Variable objects contained in the _set structure.
    self._variable_map: Dict[str, Variable] = {}
    self._initialize_sections(spec)
    # Validate dependencies after all sections are loaded
    self._validate_dependencies()

  def _initialize_sections(self, spec: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
    """Initialize sections from the spec."""
    for section_key, section_data in spec.items():
      if not isinstance(section_data, dict):
        continue
      
      section = self._create_section(section_key, section_data)
      # Guard against None from empty YAML sections (vars: with no content)
      vars_data = section_data.get("vars") or {}
      self._initialize_variables(section, vars_data)
      self._sections[section_key] = section

  def _create_section(self, key: str, data: dict[str, Any]) -> VariableSection:
    """Create a VariableSection from data."""
    section_init_data = {
      "key": key,
      "title": data.get("title", key.replace("_", " ").title()),
      "description": data.get("description"),
      "toggle": data.get("toggle"),
      "required": data.get("required", key == "general"),
      "needs": data.get("needs")
    }
    return VariableSection(section_init_data)

  def _initialize_variables(self, section: VariableSection, vars_data: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
    """Initialize variables for a section."""
    # Guard against None from empty YAML sections
    if vars_data is None:
      vars_data = {}
    
    for var_name, var_data in vars_data.items():
      var_init_data = {"name": var_name, **var_data}
      variable = Variable(var_init_data)
      section.variables[var_name] = variable
      # NOTE: Populate the direct lookup map for efficient access.
      self._variable_map[var_name] = variable
    
    # Validate toggle variable after all variables are added
    self._validate_section_toggle(section)
    # FIXME: Add more section-level validation here as needed:
    #   - Validate that variable names don't conflict across sections (currently allowed but could be confusing)
    #   - Validate that required sections have at least one non-toggle variable
    #   - Validate that enum variables have non-empty options lists
    #   - Validate that variable names follow naming conventions (e.g., lowercase_with_underscores)
    #   - Validate that default values are compatible with their type definitions

  def _validate_section_toggle(self, section: VariableSection) -> None:
    """Validate that toggle variable is of type bool if it exists.
    
    If the toggle variable doesn't exist (e.g., filtered out), removes the toggle.
    
    Args:
        section: The section to validate
        
    Raises:
        ValueError: If toggle variable exists but is not boolean type
    """
    if not section.toggle:
      return
    
    toggle_var = section.variables.get(section.toggle)
    if not toggle_var:
      # Toggle variable doesn't exist (e.g., was filtered out) - remove toggle metadata
      section.toggle = None
      return
    
    if toggle_var.type != "bool":
      raise ValueError(
        f"Section '{section.key}' toggle variable '{section.toggle}' must be type 'bool', "
        f"but is type '{toggle_var.type}'"
      )
  
  def _validate_dependencies(self) -> None:
    """Validate section dependencies for cycles and missing references.
    
    Raises:
        ValueError: If circular dependencies or missing section references are found
    """
    # Check for missing dependencies
    for section_key, section in self._sections.items():
      for dep in section.needs:
        if dep not in self._sections:
          raise ValueError(
            f"Section '{section_key}' depends on '{dep}', but '{dep}' does not exist"
          )
    
    # Check for circular dependencies using depth-first search
    visited = set()
    rec_stack = set()
    
    def has_cycle(section_key: str) -> bool:
      visited.add(section_key)
      rec_stack.add(section_key)
      
      section = self._sections[section_key]
      for dep in section.needs:
        if dep not in visited:
          if has_cycle(dep):
            return True
        elif dep in rec_stack:
          raise ValueError(
            f"Circular dependency detected: '{section_key}' depends on '{dep}', "
            f"which creates a cycle"
          )
      
      rec_stack.remove(section_key)
      return False
    
    for section_key in self._sections:
      if section_key not in visited:
        has_cycle(section_key)
  
  def is_section_satisfied(self, section_key: str) -> bool:
    """Check if all dependencies for a section are satisfied.
    
    A dependency is satisfied if:
    1. The dependency section exists
    2. The dependency section is enabled (if it has a toggle)
    
    Args:
        section_key: The key of the section to check
        
    Returns:
        True if all dependencies are satisfied, False otherwise
    """
    section = self._sections.get(section_key)
    if not section:
      return False
    
    # No dependencies = always satisfied
    if not section.needs:
      return True
    
    # Check each dependency
    for dep_key in section.needs:
      dep_section = self._sections.get(dep_key)
      if not dep_section:
        logger.warning(f"Section '{section_key}' depends on missing section '{dep_key}'")
        return False
      
      # Check if dependency is enabled
      if not dep_section.is_enabled():
        logger.debug(f"Section '{section_key}' dependency '{dep_key}' is disabled")
        return False
    
    return True

  def sort_sections(self) -> None:
    """Sort sections with the following priority:
    
    1. Dependencies come before dependents (topological sort)
    2. Required sections first (in their original order)
    3. Enabled sections with satisfied dependencies next (in their original order)
    4. Disabled sections or sections with unsatisfied dependencies last (in their original order)
    
    This maintains the original ordering within each group while organizing
    sections logically for display and user interaction, and ensures that
    sections are prompted in the correct dependency order.
    """
    # First, perform topological sort to respect dependencies
    sorted_keys = self._topological_sort()
    
    # Then apply priority sorting within dependency groups
    section_items = [(key, self._sections[key]) for key in sorted_keys]
    
    # Define sort key: (priority, original_index)
    # Priority: 0 = required, 1 = enabled with satisfied dependencies, 2 = disabled or unsatisfied dependencies
    def get_sort_key(item_with_index):
      index, (key, section) = item_with_index
      if section.required:
        priority = 0
      elif section.is_enabled() and self.is_section_satisfied(key):
        priority = 1
      else:
        priority = 2
      return (priority, index)
    
    # Sort with original index to maintain order within each priority group
    # Note: This preserves the topological order from earlier
    sorted_items = sorted(
      enumerate(section_items),
      key=get_sort_key
    )
    
    # Rebuild _sections dict in new order
    self._sections = {key: section for _, (key, section) in sorted_items}
  
  def _topological_sort(self) -> List[str]:
    """Perform topological sort on sections based on dependencies.
    
    Uses Kahn's algorithm to ensure dependencies come before dependents.
    Preserves original order when no dependencies exist.
    
    Returns:
        List of section keys in topologically sorted order
    """
    # Calculate in-degree (number of dependencies) for each section
    in_degree = {key: len(section.needs) for key, section in self._sections.items()}
    
    # Find all sections with no dependencies
    queue = [key for key, degree in in_degree.items() if degree == 0]
    result = []
    
    # Process sections in order
    while queue:
      # Sort queue to preserve original order when possible
      queue.sort(key=lambda k: list(self._sections.keys()).index(k))
      
      current = queue.pop(0)
      result.append(current)
      
      # Find sections that depend on current
      for key, section in self._sections.items():
        if current in section.needs:
          in_degree[key] -= 1
          if in_degree[key] == 0:
            queue.append(key)
    
    # If not all sections processed, there's a cycle (shouldn't happen due to validation)
    if len(result) != len(self._sections):
      logger.warning("Topological sort incomplete - possible dependency cycle")
      return list(self._sections.keys())
    
    return result

  def get_sections(self) -> Dict[str, VariableSection]:
    """Get all sections in the collection."""
    return self._sections.copy()
  
  def get_section(self, key: str) -> Optional[VariableSection]:
    """Get a specific section by its key."""
    return self._sections.get(key)
  
  def has_sections(self) -> bool:
    """Check if the collection has any sections."""
    return bool(self._sections)

  def get_all_values(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
    """Get all variable values as a dictionary."""
    # NOTE: This method is optimized to use the _variable_map for direct O(1) access
    # to each variable, which is much faster than iterating through sections.
    all_values = {}
    for var_name, variable in self._variable_map.items():
      all_values[var_name] = variable.get_typed_value()
    return all_values
  
  def get_satisfied_values(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
    """Get variable values only from sections with satisfied dependencies.
    
    This respects both toggle states and section dependencies, ensuring that:
    - Variables from disabled sections (toggle=false) are excluded
    - Variables from sections with unsatisfied dependencies are excluded
    
    Returns:
        Dictionary of variable names to values for satisfied sections only
    """
    satisfied_values = {}
    
    for section_key, section in self._sections.items():
      # Skip sections with unsatisfied dependencies
      if not self.is_section_satisfied(section_key):
        logger.debug(f"Excluding variables from section '{section_key}' - dependencies not satisfied")
        continue
      
      # Skip disabled sections (toggle check)
      if not section.is_enabled():
        logger.debug(f"Excluding variables from section '{section_key}' - section is disabled")
        continue
      
      # Include all variables from this satisfied section
      for var_name, variable in section.variables.items():
        satisfied_values[var_name] = variable.get_typed_value()
    
    return satisfied_values

  def get_sensitive_variables(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
    """Get only the sensitive variables with their values."""
    return {name: var.value for name, var in self._variable_map.items() if var.sensitive and var.value}

  def apply_defaults(self, defaults: dict[str, Any], origin: str = "cli") -> list[str]:
    """Apply default values to variables, updating their origin.
    
    Args:
        defaults: Dictionary mapping variable names to their default values
        origin: Source of these defaults (e.g., 'config', 'cli')
        
    Returns:
        List of variable names that were successfully updated
    """
    # NOTE: This method uses the _variable_map for a significant performance gain,
    # as it allows direct O(1) lookup of variables instead of iterating
    # through all sections to find a match.
    successful = []
    errors = []
    
    for var_name, value in defaults.items():
      try:
        variable = self._variable_map.get(var_name)
        if not variable:
          logger.warning(f"Variable '{var_name}' not found in template")
          continue
        
        # Store original value before overriding (for display purposes)
        # Only store if this is the first time config is being applied
        if origin == "config" and not hasattr(variable, '_original_stored'):
          variable.original_value = variable.value
          variable._original_stored = True
        
        # Convert and set the new value
        converted_value = variable.convert(value)
        variable.value = converted_value
        
        # Set origin to the current source (not a chain)
        variable.origin = origin
        
        successful.append(var_name)
          
      except ValueError as e:
        error_msg = f"Invalid value for '{var_name}': {value} - {e}"
        errors.append(error_msg)
        logger.error(error_msg)
    
    if errors:
      logger.warning(f"Some defaults failed to apply: {'; '.join(errors)}")
    
    return successful
  
  def validate_all(self) -> None:
    """Validate all variables in the collection, skipping disabled and unsatisfied sections."""
    errors: list[str] = []

    for section_key, section in self._sections.items():
      # Skip sections with unsatisfied dependencies
      if not self.is_section_satisfied(section_key):
        logger.debug(f"Skipping validation for section '{section_key}' - dependencies not satisfied")
        continue
      
      # Check if the section is disabled by a toggle
      if section.toggle:
        toggle_var = section.variables.get(section.toggle)
        if toggle_var and not toggle_var.get_typed_value():
          logger.debug(f"Skipping validation for disabled section: '{section.key}'")
          continue  # Skip this entire section

      # Validate each variable in the section
      for var_name, variable in section.variables.items():
        try:
          # Skip validation for autogenerated variables when empty/None
          if variable.autogenerated and (variable.value is None or variable.value == ""):
            logger.debug(f"Skipping validation for autogenerated variable: '{section.key}.{var_name}'")
            continue
          
          # If value is None and the variable is required, report as missing
          if variable.value is None:
            if variable.is_required():
              errors.append(f"{section.key}.{var_name} (required - no default provided)")
            continue

          # Attempt to convert/validate typed value
          typed = variable.get_typed_value()

          # For non-boolean types, treat None or empty string as invalid
          if variable.type not in ("bool",) and (typed is None or typed == ""):
            if variable.is_required():
              errors.append(f"{section.key}.{var_name} (required - cannot be empty)")
            else:
              errors.append(f"{section.key}.{var_name} (empty)")

        except ValueError as e:
          errors.append(f"{section.key}.{var_name} (invalid format: {e})")

    if errors:
      error_msg = "Variable validation failed: " + ", ".join(errors)
      logger.error(error_msg)
      raise ValueError(error_msg)

  def merge(self, other_spec: Union[Dict[str, Any], 'VariableCollection'], origin: str = "override") -> 'VariableCollection':
    """Merge another spec or VariableCollection into this one with precedence tracking.
    
    OPTIMIZED: Works directly on objects without dict conversions for better performance.
    
    The other spec/collection has higher precedence and will override values in self.
    Creates a new VariableCollection with merged data.
    
    Args:
        other_spec: Either a spec dictionary or another VariableCollection to merge
        origin: Origin label for variables from other_spec (e.g., 'template', 'config')
        
    Returns:
        New VariableCollection with merged data
        
    Example:
        module_vars = VariableCollection(module_spec)
        template_vars = module_vars.merge(template_spec, origin='template')
        # Variables from template_spec override module_spec
        # Origins tracked: 'module' or 'module -> template'
    """
    # Convert dict to VariableCollection if needed (only once)
    if isinstance(other_spec, dict):
      other = VariableCollection(other_spec)
    else:
      other = other_spec
    
    # Create new collection without calling __init__ (optimization)
    merged = VariableCollection.__new__(VariableCollection)
    merged._sections = {}
    merged._variable_map = {}
    
    # First pass: clone sections from self
    for section_key, self_section in self._sections.items():
      if section_key in other._sections:
        # Section exists in both - will merge
        merged._sections[section_key] = self._merge_sections(
          self_section, 
          other._sections[section_key], 
          origin
        )
      else:
        # Section only in self - clone it
        merged._sections[section_key] = self_section.clone()
    
    # Second pass: add sections that only exist in other
    for section_key, other_section in other._sections.items():
      if section_key not in merged._sections:
        # New section from other - clone with origin update
        merged._sections[section_key] = other_section.clone(origin_update=origin)
    
    # Rebuild variable map for O(1) lookups
    for section in merged._sections.values():
      for var_name, variable in section.variables.items():
        merged._variable_map[var_name] = variable
    
    return merged
  
  def _infer_origin_from_context(self) -> str:
    """Infer origin from existing variables (fallback)."""
    for section in self._sections.values():
      for variable in section.variables.values():
        if variable.origin:
          return variable.origin
    return "template"
  
  def _merge_sections(self, self_section: VariableSection, other_section: VariableSection, origin: str) -> VariableSection:
    """Merge two sections, with other_section taking precedence.
    
    Args:
        self_section: Base section
        other_section: Section to merge in (takes precedence)
        origin: Origin label for merged variables
        
    Returns:
        New merged VariableSection
    """
    # Start with a clone of self_section
    merged_section = self_section.clone()
    
    # Update section metadata from other (other takes precedence)
    if other_section.title:
      merged_section.title = other_section.title
    if other_section.description:
      merged_section.description = other_section.description
    if other_section.toggle:
      merged_section.toggle = other_section.toggle
    # Required flag always updated
    merged_section.required = other_section.required
    # Needs/dependencies always updated
    if other_section.needs:
      merged_section.needs = other_section.needs.copy()
    
    # Merge variables
    for var_name, other_var in other_section.variables.items():
      if var_name in merged_section.variables:
        # Variable exists in both - merge with other taking precedence
        self_var = merged_section.variables[var_name]
        
        # Build update dict with ONLY explicitly provided fields from other
        update = {}
        if 'type' in other_var._explicit_fields and other_var.type:
          update['type'] = other_var.type
        if ('value' in other_var._explicit_fields or 'default' in other_var._explicit_fields) and other_var.value is not None:
          update['value'] = other_var.value
        if 'description' in other_var._explicit_fields and other_var.description:
          update['description'] = other_var.description
        if 'prompt' in other_var._explicit_fields and other_var.prompt:
          update['prompt'] = other_var.prompt
        if 'options' in other_var._explicit_fields and other_var.options:
          update['options'] = other_var.options
        if 'sensitive' in other_var._explicit_fields and other_var.sensitive:
          update['sensitive'] = other_var.sensitive
        if 'extra' in other_var._explicit_fields and other_var.extra:
          update['extra'] = other_var.extra
        
        # Update origin tracking (only keep the current source, not the chain)
        update['origin'] = origin
        
        # Clone with updates
        merged_section.variables[var_name] = self_var.clone(update=update)
      else:
        # New variable from other - clone with origin
        merged_section.variables[var_name] = other_var.clone(update={'origin': origin})
    
    return merged_section
  
  def filter_to_used(self, used_variables: Set[str], keep_sensitive: bool = True) -> 'VariableCollection':
    """Filter collection to only variables that are used (or sensitive).
    
    OPTIMIZED: Works directly on objects without dict conversions for better performance.
    
    Creates a new VariableCollection containing only the variables in used_variables.
    Sections with no remaining variables are removed.
    
    Args:
        used_variables: Set of variable names that are actually used
        keep_sensitive: If True, also keep sensitive variables even if not in used set
        
    Returns:
        New VariableCollection with filtered variables
        
    Example:
        all_vars = VariableCollection(spec)
        used_vars = all_vars.filter_to_used({'var1', 'var2', 'var3'})
        # Only var1, var2, var3 (and any sensitive vars) remain
    """
    # Create new collection without calling __init__ (optimization)
    filtered = VariableCollection.__new__(VariableCollection)
    filtered._sections = {}
    filtered._variable_map = {}
    
    # Filter each section
    for section_key, section in self._sections.items():
      # Create a new section with same metadata
      filtered_section = VariableSection({
        'key': section.key,
        'title': section.title,
        'description': section.description,
        'toggle': section.toggle,
        'required': section.required,
        'needs': section.needs.copy() if section.needs else None,
      })
      
      # Clone only the variables that should be included
      for var_name, variable in section.variables.items():
        # Include if used OR if sensitive (and keep_sensitive is True)
        should_include = (
          var_name in used_variables or 
          (keep_sensitive and variable.sensitive)
        )
        
        if should_include:
          filtered_section.variables[var_name] = variable.clone()
      
      # Only add section if it has variables
      if filtered_section.variables:
        filtered._sections[section_key] = filtered_section
        # Add variables to map
        for var_name, variable in filtered_section.variables.items():
          filtered._variable_map[var_name] = variable
    
    return filtered
  
  def get_all_variable_names(self) -> Set[str]:
    """Get set of all variable names across all sections.
    
    Returns:
        Set of all variable names
    """
    return set(self._variable_map.keys())